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Frequently asked questions
1. Introduction to the Nature Index
1-1. What is the Nature Index?
The Nature Index is a database of author affiliation information collated from research articles published in an independently selected group of 82 high-quality science journals. The database is compiled by Nature Portfolio. The Nature Index provides a close to real-time proxy of high-quality research output and collaboration at the institutional, national and regional level.
1-2. How is the Nature Index of value to the researcher community?
Users of the Nature Index are those with an interest in the origin of high-quality scientific research from around the world. Questions such as the following can be explored using the Nature Index:
The Nature Index also provides institutions with an easy means to identify and highlight some of their best scientific research.
The Nature Index provides a perspective on high-quality research on the basis of published articles. It is intended to provide one of a number of ways to assess research excellence and institutional performance. Nature Index recognizes, in line with the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, that many other factors must be taken into account when considering research quality and institutional performance, and that outputs from scientific research not only include journal articles, but data, software, intellectual property and highly trained young scientists. Nature Index metrics alone should not be used to assess institutions or individuals. Our expectation is that the index will be used in concert with other measures and tools.
1-3. How is the Nature Index made available?
The Nature Index database is updated monthly. A 12-month rolling window of data, as well as country- and institutional-level tables of calendar-year output, are organized and made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) at www.natureindex.com.
Publications that analyse and interpret Nature Index data over a given period of time for a given country or region or subject area are produced and distributed with Nature.
1-4. Caveats on the use of Nature Index
The Nature Index is primarily a free database of author affiliation information that reveals global publication and collaboration patterns. Once a year, Nature Index releases a set of country- and institutional-level tables based on counts of high-quality research outputs in the previous calendar year. It is important to note that these tables are based on a relatively small proportion of total research articles, and they cover the natural sciences only. Nature Index data are not intended to be definitive. We recognize that many other factors must be taken into account when considering research quality and institutional performance, and that outputs from scientific research not only include journal articles, but data, software, intellectual property and highly trained young scientists. Nature Index metrics alone should not be used to assess institutions or individuals. We encourage users to combine the free-to-access Nature Index data with information from other sources.
2. How to use the Nature Index website
2-1. Date range
The Nature Index website presents a 12-month rolling window of data. The window includes primary research articles from the Nature Index journals that are published in their final form during the 12-month period. The window is updated on a monthly basis. The date range is displayed in the top-right corner of all pages.
The annual tables are based on calendar-year output in the Nature Index journals. These are released annually and are based on output from 1 January to 31 December of the previous year.
2-2. Searching for a specific institution or country
You can search for a specific institution or country/region from the Nature Index homepage.
A Research Profile page will be generated that lists research outputs within the current 12-month date range by Count and Share (see Section 3-4).
Research outputs are organized by subject area.
Selecting the Collaboration Profile page displays the institution’s or country’s patterns of publication collaboration, including a list of top collaborators.
2-3. Ordering research outputs by institution
You can generate a table of institutions ordered by research outputs.
Tables can be re-sorted by clicking on the column headings.
The order of output of institutions can differ significantly depending on the measure used to order them (Count and Share). There are many factors determining an institution’s output. The size of the institution is a major factor as is the composition of research specialities within an institution. The Nature Index does not attempt to normalize data for such factors. Rather it presents raw data that can be used as a basis for analysis.
2-4. Ordering research outputs by country
You can generate a table of countries ordered by research outputs.
Tables can be re-sorted by clicking on the column headings.
3. The Nature Index methodology
3-1. How have articles been selected for inclusion in the Nature Index?
The Nature Index includes primary research articles published in a group (n=82; see Section 4) of high-quality science journals. The journals included in the Nature Index are selected by a panel of active scientists, independently of Nature Research. The selection process reflects researchers’ perceptions of journal quality, rather than using quantitative measures such as Impact Factor. It is intended that the list of journals amounts to a reasonably consensual upper echelon of journals in the natural sciences and includes both multidisciplinary journals and some of the most highly selective journals within the main disciplines of the natural sciences. The journals included in the Nature Index represent less than 4-5% of the journals covering natural sciences in the Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) but account for close to 30% of total citations to natural science journals.
Two panels of independent scientists are responsible for selection of journals: one drawn from the physical sciences, the other from the life sciences.
The composition and total number of journals included in the Nature Index is reviewed on an ongoing basis. The latest list of 82 journals was expanded from 68 journals in June 2018 (see Revisions to the Nature Index).
3-2. Why is the Nature Index based on articles from 82 journals?
The researcher panels that selected the journals have aimed initially for fewer than 100 titles — enough to provide inclusivity of many disciplines but sufficiently selective to ensure that the journals truly reflect the upper tiers of research achievement as judged by peers. The 82 journals included in the second release of the Nature Index represent 4-5% of the journals covering natural sciences in the Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) but account for close to 30% of total citations to natural science journals (see Introducing the Index). The composition and total number of journals included in the Nature Index is reviewed on a regular basis, with the current revised list of 82 journals released in June 2018. The revision and expansion of the Nature Index journals encompasses a number of changes since the original release, including better representation of each of subjects covered in the Nature Index (4-5% of articles in the Web of Science) and the inclusion of new journals that were not available when the index was first released. For more information on the selection of Nature Index journals, see Revisions to the Nature Index.
3-3. What data is held in the Nature Index?
The Nature Index database captures all affiliation information of primary research articles published within the selected journals, plus links to the abstracts of those articles, and stores whole article counts (Count) and fractional article counts (Share) for each article (see Section 3-4). Sitting behind the snapshot of data published on the website is a database containing the English names, local language names and acronyms of the 60,000+ institutions including 10,000+ parent institutions associated with articles tracked by the Nature Index.
3-4. How is article output counted?
Article output is counted in two ways:
The ratio of Count to Share gives an indication of the degree to which an institution or country collaborates in its research. Broadly speaking, if the Count is a lot higher than the Share it indicates a high degree of external collaboration and dependency on external resources. If the Count is close in value to the Share it indicates limited collaboration with external researchers and a strong dependency on internal resources.
The ratio of Count to Share gives an indication of the degree to which an institution or country collaborates in its research. Broadly speaking, if the Count is a lot higher than the Share it indicates a high degree of external collaboration and dependency on external resources. If the Count is close in value to the Share it indicates limited collaboration with external researchers and a strong dependency on internal resources.
3-5. Does the Nature Index include all articles from the selected journals? Are all articles treated equally?
Only primary research articles from the selected journals are included in the Nature Index. For a small number of large physics journals only primary articles identified by the journals as having higher importance, more urgency or more interest for the community are included: notably, articles classified as ‘Highlighted articles’ or ‘Rapid Communications’ from Physical Review A, Physical Review B and Physical Review D; and articles classified as ‘Letters’ from Astronomy and Astrophysics.
All articles are treated equally when ordering institutions and countries by Count and Share.
3-6. Institutional database
The Nature Index search function enables users to find the results for a specific institution among the 40,000+ Parent institutions tracked by the Nature Index. Great care has been taken to disambiguate institutional names and to aggregate the multiple versions of names for the same institution that can occur. Furthermore, every effort has been made to include all affiliated institutions within larger institutional organizations and, where possible, a breakdown of those component institutions is also given. Suggestions of ways to improve presentation of complex institutions and their affiliations are welcome.
3-7. Sectors
Institutions in the Nature Index are assigned to one or more sectors based on the type of institution, and are categorised into one or more of the following sectors:
Academic: An academic institution is an educational institution dedicated to education and research, which grants academic degrees, such as universities.
Corporate: A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law with the goal to earn profit. (Independent) consultants are also considered as corporate.
Government: A government funded organization whose primary mission is the performance or promotion of basic research and/or applied research.
Healthcare: Health care (or healthcare) is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in human beings. Nature Index uses the United Nations’ International Standard Industrial Classification as a basic framework for defining the institutions in the healthcare sector. The UN categorizes health care as generally consisting of hospital activities, medical and dental practice activities, and «other human health activities». The last class involves activities of, or under the supervision of, nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, scientific or diagnostic laboratories, pathology clinics, residential health facilities, or other allied health professions, e.g. in the field of optometry, hydrotherapy, medical massage, yoga therapy, music therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, chiropody, homeopathy, chiropractic, acupuncture, etc.
NPO/NGO: a non-profit organization (NPO) is an organization that uses surplus revenues to achieve its goals rather than distributing them as profit or dividends. Charitable organizations such as a foundation are a type of NPO. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is the term commonly used for an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business and is usually set up by ordinary citizens. Both NGOs and NPOs may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses, or private persons.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Метология
Индекс природы пытается объективно измерить научную продукцию учреждений и стран с учетом различий в качестве. Таким образом, учитываются только статьи, опубликованные в 82 выбранных качественных журналах. Эти журналы отбираются независимым комитетом. Если в научной статье участвуют авторы из нескольких учреждений и / или стран, она делится соответственно, предполагая, что все исследователи были в равной степени вовлечены в статью.
Лучшие заведения
Топ-25 учреждений с наибольшей долей статей, опубликованных в научных журналах, согласно рейтингу Nature Index 2021, который действителен для 2020 календарного года.
| Классифицировать | Учреждение | Страна | Общая доля |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Китайская Академия Наук |  Китай | 1,887% |
| 2 | Гарвардский университет |  Соединенные Штаты | 0,927% |
| 3 | Общество Макса Планка |  Германия | 0,795% |
| 4 | Французский национальный центр научных исследований |  Франция | 0,712% |
| 5 | Стэндфордский Университет | Соединенные Штаты | 0,638% |
| 6 | Ассоциация Гельмгольца | Германия | 0,580% |
| 7 | Массачусетский Институт Технологий | Соединенные Штаты | 0,526% |
| 8 | Токийский университет |  Япония | 0,462% |
| 9 | Оксфордский университет |  Великобритания | 0,459% |
| 10 | Кембриджский университет | Великобритания | 0,456% |
| 11 | Университет науки и технологий Китая | Китай | 0,448% |
| 12 | Пекинский университет | Китай | 0,446% |
| 13 | Университет Китайской академии наук | Китай | 0,425% |
| 14 | Нанкинский университет | Китай | 0,418% |
| 15 | Национальные институты здоровья | Соединенные Штаты | 0,401% |
| 16 | университет Мичигана | Соединенные Штаты | 0,398% |
| 17 | Калифорнийский университет в Беркли | Соединенные Штаты | 0,395% |
| 18 | Университет Цинхуа | Китай | 0,394% |
| 19 | ETH Цюрих |  Швейцария | 0,378% |
| 20 | Йельский университет | Соединенные Штаты | 0,356% |
| 21 год | Университет Торонто |  Канада | 0,343% |
| 22 | Чжэцзянский университет | Китай | 0,342% |
| 23 | Калифорнийский университет в Сан-Диего | Соединенные Штаты | 0,339% |
| 24 | Калифорнийский университет в Лос-Анджелесе | Соединенные Штаты | 0,338% |
| 25 | Колумбийский университет | Соединенные Штаты | 0,331% |
Лучшие страны
Топ-25 стран с наибольшей долей статей, опубликованных в научных журналах, согласно рейтингу Nature Index 2021, который действителен для 2020 календарного года.
News archive
Results for ‘Rankings’
The 5 most popular scientific papers of April 2021 in the Nature Index journals
Vaccine efficacy against new COVID-19 strains and the possibility of learning during lucid dreaming feature in these widely discussed studies.
The 5 most popular scientific papers of March 2021 in the Nature Index journals
A self-decapitating sea slug and strategies for mitigating wildlife predation by house cats feature in these widely discussed studies.
Chinese joint-venture universities try for the best of both worlds
While movement of students between domestic and foreign universities slows, China’s joint-venture model is gaining traction.
Nature Index Annual Tables 2021: Country comparisons in a difficult year
China’s losses are seven other nations’ gains.
Ten rising stars of the Nature Index Annual Tables 2021
China’s dominance falls away, as this year’s list of fast-risers features a more global spread of institutions.
The 5 most popular scientific papers of January 2021 in the Nature Index journals
A new approach to MS treatment based on COVID-19 vaccine tech and a sobering look at the fate of sharks and rays feature in these widely-discussed studies
The 5 most popular scientific papers of March 2020 in the Nature Index journals
Vanishing coastlines and a threat to sea turtles feature in these stand-out studies from March.
Google Scholar reveals its most influential papers for 2020
Artificial intelligence papers amass citations more than any other research topic.
The 5 most popular scientific papers of May 2020 in the Nature Index journals
COVID-19 vaccine hopes, and the environmental effects of the pandemic.
The 5 most popular scientific papers of April 2020
A colossal sea beast and a swampy rainforest at the South Pole feature in some of the stand-out papers from April.
Australia and New Zealand universities dominate Times Higher Education Impact Rankings 2020
Leading the way on activities that promote the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
5 Asia-Pacific universities that shine in the physical sciences
Physical sciences hotspots outside China, based on publications in Nature Index journals.
5 European institutions that stand out in the life sciences
These are host to some of Europe’s top-notch labs, based on publications in Nature Index journals.
МГУ – лидер мирового рейтинга научного цитирования Nature Index Ranking 2021 среди российских вузов
В мировом рейтинге научного цитирования Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова занял первое место среди отечественных университетов и второе – среди научных организаций, пропустив вперед только Российскую академию наук. Такая оценка достижений МГУ дается в новом выпуске Nature Index Ranking. Ученые Московского университета также заняли 1 место среди всех научных организаций по физическим наукам, химии, наукам о жизни, в исследованиях Земли и природы. Рейтинг оценивает работы, вышедшие в период с 1 мая 2020 года по апрель 2021 года.
Ректор Московского университета академик Виктор Садовничий: «Высокий результат МГУ в Nature Index Ranking 2021 обусловлен как традиционно фундаментальным характером научной и образовательной деятельности университета, так и проявлением междисциплинарного подхода, созданием новых научно-образовательных школ. Образовав 7 междисциплинарных научно-образовательных школ, объединивших интеллектуальный потенциал и исследовательскую инфраструктуру разных факультетов, сконцентрировав его на самых прорывных направлениях развития научного знания, мы создали условия для формирования высокопродуктивных исследовательских групп и получения научных результатов мирового уровня. Сейчас идет усиление инновационного характера структуры научной и образовательной деятельности в рамках новых университетских школ, происходит глубокий синтез деятельности по получению новых знаний и ее трансляции от преподавателя к студенту. Это означает развитие в университете экосистемы научных и образовательных проектов, нацеленной на расширенное воспроизводство научных знаний и кадров. Полагаю, что в недалеком будущем именно от ее результативности во многом будет зависеть масштаб научно-исследовательской и публикационной активности вуза».
Nature Index’s top rankings of 2019
The best of the best.
Nature Index’s top rankings of 2019
The best of the best.
There are many ways Nature Index data can be analyzed to gauge who’s best at what in terms of high-quality scientific research performance. Below we present snapshots of some of our readers’ favourite rankings.
While the United States held its own as the biggest producer of high-quality research in our 2019 rankings, China rapidly gained momentum.
Chinese institutions took first place among the top 10 institutions in scientific research, the top 10 fastest rising institutions, and the top 10 universities aged 50 and under, measured by Share.
Share, formerly referred to in the Nature Index as Fractional Count (FC), is a measure of an institution’s contribution to articles in the 82 journals tracked by the index.
The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences made big leaps in the 2019 ranks, topping the fastest growing institutions and leading young universities.
Peking University entered the top 10 global institutions for the first time, while Tsinghua University saw the largest growth in output among the leading academic institutions in the Nature Index.
Mouse over to see full names, locations, and Shares:
Top 10 institutions in scientific research
The Chinese Academy of Sciences maintained its stronghold as the top contributor of articles tracked by the Index in 2018. As China’s national research body — and the world’s largest research organization — it also recorded the largest growth in publications among the leading 10 institutions.
China’s Peking University has risen up the ranks, making its debut among the leading global institutions in the Nature Index. The university jumped two places in a year, knocking the University of California, Berkeley out of the top 10.
Top 10 fastest rising institutions
The top 10 fastest rising institutions in the Nature Index were all from China, with the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences taking the top spot. Its Share has increased by an impressive 200% since 2015.
Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Tsinghua University were close competitors in the ranks, with a Share of 118.04 and 114.09 respectively. The Chinese Academy of Sciences – the biggest producer of high-quality articles overall – was the seventh fastest growing institution in 2018.
Top 10 young universities
Asian universities dominated the ranks among the world’s top 10 universities aged 50 and under, taking seven of the ten places.
The 41-year-old University of Chinese Academy of Sciences took the top spot with a Share of 318.77, while Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University rose to second place with a Share of 232.51.
South Korea’s young universities also made impressive gains in the ranks, taking three places among the top 10. The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ranked number four behind the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne.
Top 10 countries in scientific research
The United States maintained its position as the largest contributor to articles tracked by the Nature Index, but China is jostling its way to the top. Since 2017, the country’s Share has increased by 16.4%, while the United States’ Share fell by 2.9%.
Australia jostled Spain out of 10th place in 2018, with its Share rising by 8.2%. It was also the only country other than China among the top 10 that increased its Share.
Top 10 academic institutions
Harvard, Stanford and MIT lead the pack for the fourth year running, having scored the largest Share of all institutions for articles published in the 82 journals tracked by the Nature Index.
Among the top 10 institutions, China’s Tsinghua University showed the strongest growth in high-quality research output, as measured by Share, compared with 2017. The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich and Peking University also made solid progress in 2018, each climbing the ranks by two places.