respiration rate что такое норма

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Изменено: Чт, 16 Апр, 2020 at 4:04 PM

GARMIN ДЛЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛОВ: Частота дыхания

Во время спортивных занятий новые спортивные устройства Garmin с помощью нагрудных пульсометров могут отслеживать частоту дыхания. Этой возможностью обладают fenix 6, quatix 6, tactix Delta, Forerunner 945, Edge 530/830, MARQ Collection.

Краткое описание

Частота дыхания представляет собой количество вдохов и выдохов в минуту. Наряду с частотой пульса, артериальным давлением и температурой тела частота дыхания является основным показателем состояния организма. В состоянии покоя частота дыхания обычно составляет 12 – 20 раз в минуту, а во время интенсивной физической активности этот показатель может подниматься до 40 – 50 раз в минуту. Рост частоты дыхания отражает повышенную потребность организма в кислороде для производства аэробной энергии.

На рисунке приведен график частоты дыхания и пульса

Основные преимущества:

Принцип действия

Каждый вдох отражается на вариабельности частоты пульса (Heart Rate Variability, HRV). Промежуток времени между соседними сокращениями сердечной мышцы немного уменьшается при вдохе и увеличивается при выдохе. Для обозначения этого биологического феномена используется термин респираторная синусовая аритмия (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, RSA).

На рисунке приведен график частоты дыхания и пульса

Возможность аналитического определения частоты дыхания из данных HRV зависит от точности данных частоты пульса. Разница между двумя последовательными сокращениями сердечной мышцы может составлять миллисекунды. Поэтому требуемая точность наблюдения во время спортивных занятий может быть обеспечена только с помощью нагрудного пульсометра на ленте.

Источник

What Is a Normal Respiratory Rate?

If you are experiencing respiratory symptoms, you may be wondering, “What is a normal respiratory rate?” Let’s begin by talking about the normal range of respiratory rate for adults and children, how to accurately measure this rate, and what it means if the rate is abnormal.

What the Respiratory Rate Means

The respiratory rate is defined as the number of breaths a person takes during a one-minute period of time while at rest. The normal ranges are for people at rest. Respiratory rates normally increase during exercise.

The number of breaths we take per minute is a sign of how often our brain is telling our bodies to breathe. If the oxygen level in the blood is low, or if the carbon dioxide level in the blood is high, our body is instructed to breathe more often.

For example, having a severe infection increases the carbon dioxide produced in the body, so even if there’s a normal level of oxygen in the blood, the brain instructs the body to breathe more often to clear the carbon dioxide.

But there are times when this system doesn’t work so well, such as when people are treated with narcotic medications. These medications in effect dull the response of the brain to signals from the blood, so someone may breathe less often than needed. This may also occur with head injuries or a stroke that damage the respiratory center in the brain. 

Recent studies suggest that an accurate recording of respiratory rate is very important in predicting serious medical events.   Studies also suggest that measurements of respiratory rate are not done as often as they should be, so it’s been coined the “ignored vital sign.”

Abnormal Respiratory Rates

Both an increased and decreased respiratory rate can be a sign that something is amiss in the body. An abnormal rate is fairly nonspecific, meaning there are many causes of both a rapid and a slow rate.

Medical professionals use several terms to describe abnormal respiratory rates, including:

The rate of breathing is separate from the sensation of feeling short of breath (dyspnea). Sometimes the respiratory rate may affect whether or not someone feels short of breath, but other times may not. They may feel short of breath with a very rapid respiratory rate, and may not feel short of breath with a very low respiratory rate.

Measuring Respiratory Rate

Respiratory rate is measured by counting the number of breaths a person takes in a one-minute period. Since many factors can affect the results, understanding how to take an accurate measurement is very important.

The rate should be measured at rest, not after someone has been up and walking about.

Being aware that your breaths are being counted can make the results inaccurate, as people often alter the way they breathe if they know it’s being monitored. Nurses are skilled at overcoming this problem by discretely counting respirations, watching the number of times your chest rises and falls—often while pretending to take your pulse.

That said, medical professionals should be aware that one study found that observed respiratory rates (rates measured when the patient was aware they were being measured) were on average 2.13 breaths per minute slower. 

While recording respiratory rate, several other markers of respiratory problems may also be noted.

Normal Rates in Children

Children have faster respiratory rates than adults,   and the «normal» respiratory rate can vary significantly by age. The normal ranges of respiratory rates for children of different ages include:

Periodic Breathing in Children

Infants usually have a much faster respiratory rate than older children,   and can also exhibit a phenomenon referred to as periodic breathing. With periodic breathing a child’s average respiratory rate may vary widely; she may have periods during which she breathes slower than normal followed by a few minutes of breathing much faster than normal.

The importance of periodic breathing is that while it can be frightening as a parent it is usually quite normal unless your child has other symptoms suggestive of an underlying medical condition.

Normal Rates in Adults

As with children, the respiratory rate should be measured when a person is at rest and has not just engaged in vigorous activity. In general, respiratory rates are slightly faster in women than men. 

The average respiratory rate in a healthy adult is between 12 and 18 breaths per minute.

Periodic Breathing in Adults

In contrast to periodic breathing in children, another type of periodic breathing called Cheyne-Stokes breathing may be found in adults and is not normal. It may be caused by congestive heart failure, carbon monoxide poisoning, a low sodium level in the blood (hyponatremia), high altitude, or in the final stages of dying.

Elderly

Normal respiratory rates in elderly people tend to be higher than those of younger adults, especially among older adults who are in long-term care facilities. 

Increased Respiratory Rate

In adults, the cut-off for an elevated respiratory rate is usually considered a rate over 20 breaths per minute, with a rate of over 24 breaths per minute indicating a very serious condition (when it is related to a physical condition rather than a psychological condition such as a panic attack).

The respiratory rate is a very important vital sign. One study found that an elevated respiratory rate was a better determinant of people who were stable versus unstable than heart rate or blood pressure. 

Adults

There are many causes of an increased rate, some that are related to the lungs and some that are not. The more common causes in adults are:

Newborns

In newborns, common causes of a rapid respiratory rate include transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN)—a mild condition—as well as conditions that are more serious, such as respiratory distress syndrome.

Children

In children, the most common causes of an increased respiratory rate include fever or dehydration. It’s thought that respiratory rate increases in children on an average of 5 to 7 breaths per minute per degree Celsius elevation in body temperature.

In young children (less than 12 months old) this does not always prove to be the case, and children may not have an increased respiratory rate in response to fever and vice versa. When they do have an increased respiratory rate, it is usually increased on an average of 7 to 11 breaths per minute per Celsius elevation in temperature.

Conditions such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia are relatively common causes too. Children may also have causes of a rapid respiratory rate similar to adults, such as acidosis (with diabetes) and asthma.

Decreased Respiratory Rate

A lowered respiratory rate, defined as a rate of less than 12 by some, or less than 8t respirations per minute by others, can also be a sign of concern. Note, in children a decreased respiratory rate may still be high relative to adults and should be interpreted based on the average rates listed above.

Some causes of a decreased rate include:

When to Call Your Healthcare Provider

Certainly, an abnormal respiratory rate is a reason to contact your healthcare provider, especially if you have a condition such as asthma or heart disease, as an increased respiratory rate alone can be a warning sign that should be heeded.

At the same time, healthcare professionals should be cognizant of this often ignored vital sign. One study found that measuring respiratory rate around the time of discharge from the emergency room was a very important predictor of deterioration after discharge.

A Word From Verywell

While many people think first of their pulse or blood pressure, we’re learning that measuring respiratory rate is just as important if not more so. Certainly, respiratory rate can be influenced if you know your breathing rate is measured, so it’s important for healthcare providers to become proficient in discreetly measuring this rate.

Both an increased and a decreased respiratory rate can be a warning sign of underlying medical conditions and should be heeded. Fortunately, wearable biosensors are being developed that will hopefully lead to increased monitoring of this important vital sign.

It’s important to again emphasize the significant differences between the normal respiratory rates of adults and children. Those who care for children should familiarize themselves with these ranges, and be aware of when breathing is too fast or slow.

Frequently Asked Questions

Try to get the person being measured to relax so that the measurement can be as accurate as possible. Use a timer set for one minute to keep track of the time and count the number of times the chest rises and falls for one minute.

Aside from respiratory rate, the other vital signs are body temperature, blood pressure, and pulse. The average body temperature is 98.6 degrees but it can vary. Average blood pressure and pulse are 120/80 mm Hg and 60 to 80 beats per minute, respectively.

Источник

Respiration rate

Synonyms and abbreviations: Respiratory rate (RR), breathing rate.

Respiration rate is the number of breaths per unit of time (usually per minute). It affects heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation. The respiratory rate, like all vital signs, depends on individual variations and external influences. It is an important parameter for assessing the state of health.

Overview

Definition: What is the respiration rate?

Respiratory rate, tidal volume & respiratory minute volume

Respiration rate: normal values & deviations

Depending on various individual influencing factors, a healthy adult breathes about 12 to 16 times per minute at rest. The number of breaths per minute varies depending on age, among other factors. In newborns through infancy, breathing frequencies sometimes vary considerably between age groups:

Increased respiratory rate

Increased respiratory rate can result from a variety of causes, which may be harmless or pathological (for more information, see “What influences respiration rate“).

Tachypnea

Hyperventilation

Decreased respiratory rate

A reduced respiration rate can have various causes. Both physiological and pathological factors are possible (for more information, see ” “What influences respiration rate“).

Bradypnea

If the respiratory rate falls below ten breaths per minute at rest, this is called bradypnea. flexikon.doccheck.com (Abruf: 5.1.2021)’> 9 A non-pathological form of bradypnea occurs during sleep and deep relaxation. Pathological causes of slowed breathing may include damage to the central nervous system (e.g. traumatic brain injury), metabolic disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism), or medications (e.g. opiates, benzodiazepines). www.pschyrembel.de (Abruf: 7.1.2021)’> 10

Hypoventilation

In hypoventilation, there is insufficient ventilation of the lungs, in that there is too little exhalation of carbon dioxide. flexikon.doccheck.com (Abruf: 5.1.2021)’> 11 In this case, the oxygen partial pressure decreases while the arterial CO2 partial pressure increases at the same time. The cause may be a disturbed ventilation of the lungs, e.g. caused by rib fractures or neuromuscular diseases. A disorder of respiratory control can also be the cause of hypoventilation. This occurs, for example, in central sleep apnea syndrome or in severe obesity (obesity hypoventilation syndrome). www.pschyrembel.de (Abruf: 7.1.2021)’> 12 As a result of hypoventilation, there may be an increased carbon dioxide content in the blood (hypercapnia), oxygen deficiency (hypoxemia), as well as hyperacidity of the blood (respiratory acidosis). flexikon.doccheck.com (Abruf: 7.1.2021)’> 13

Dyspnea

Dyspnea is the subjective sensation of shortness of breath or difficult breathing. Affected persons have the feeling that they no longer get enough air. Dyspnea can be divided into different categories related to physical exertion (exertion-independent vs. non-exertion-independent), body position (position-independent vs. position-independent), or the type of onset of dyspnea (sudden vs. slow). Many different pathological, physiological as well as psychological factors can be considered as causes, including:

Orthopnea

Excursion: Breathing & Breathing Regulation

Fig. 1: Organs and body parts involved in external respiration.

External respiration

Fig. 2: Gas exchange between lungs and bloodstream.

Briefly explained: O2 and CO2 partial pressure

Partial pressure refers to the respective partial pressure of the individual gases within a gas mixture. For example, the air in our atmosphere is composed of the different gases nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as well as water vapor (H2O). Each of these gases is present in the gas mixture “air” in a certain proportion and has an individual pressure. When added together, the individual partial pressures of the gases and water vapor result in the total pressure of the gas mixture.

Internal respiration (cellular respiration)

Breathing regulation: control & adaptation

The regulation and control of our breathing takes place in the respiratory center. This is located in the medulla oblongata, an important regulatory and reflex center located in the continuation of the spinal cord in the brain area. Breathing is controlled automatically in the respiratory center, but it is the only basic automatic function of our body that can be influenced voluntarily (for example, when speaking, singing, and holding one’s breath).

Several groups of neurons are located in the medulla oblongata. Through a complex interplay of these respiratory neurons, our rhythmic activity of inhaling and exhaling takes place. The neurons promote and inhibit each other (interplay between inspiratory and expiratory neurons). In this way, a basic breathing rhythm is made possible, which can be adapted to changing needs and conditions by higher brain centers and other areas of the body. This happens, for example, during sports: in order to meet the increased oxygen demand, the body has to breathe faster. Corresponding signals are transmitted to the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata via special mechanoreceptors in the joints and muscles.

In detail, involuntary respiratory regulation is influenced primarily by the carbon dioxide content, the pH value and the oxygen content of the blood. The most important role, however, is played by the carbon dioxide content. If the various receptors in the body measure a high level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, the respiratory center increases the respiratory rate so that the excess CO2 in the alveoli can be released into the air we breathe. If, on the other hand, the CO2 concentration is too low, the respiratory rate is reduced.

The oxygen content in the blood, on the other hand, has less influence on automatic respiratory regulation. Adaptation reactions of the body only take place when the oxygen content drops drastically.

What influences the respiration rate?

Many different factors can influence the breathing rate. In addition to pathological causes, physiological and psychological influences as well as changing environmental conditions also play a role.

Respiratory rate during sleep

In addition to non-diseased changes in our breathing during sleep, there are several sleep-related breathing disorders. These can have various causes:

Respiration rate in women and men

The breathing rate of women and men usually differs due to anatomical factors. Women have an average respiratory rate of 14 to 18 and men of 12 to 16.

Источник

Understanding Respiratory Rate: What it Is, What’s Normal & Why You Should Track It

What is Respiratory Rate?

By Emily Capodilupo

Your respiratory rate, often referred to as your breathing rate, is the number of breaths you take per minute. For most healthy adults, average breaths per minute typically range from 12 to 20 while in a state of rest.

Each breath, or respiration, has two phases, inhalation and exhalation. Oxygen is brought into your lungs during inhalation, and transported throughout your body in the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide is then eliminated and dispersed from your lungs during exhalation.

Normal Respiratory Rate

WHOOP measures respiratory rate during sleep and reports it in units of “respirations per minute,” or RPM. The number you see displayed in the app is your average number of RPM over the course of the night while you are sleeping.

a one-week sample of all WHOOP members’ respiratory rates, with the norm ranging from roughly 13-18 breaths per minute.

As you can see above, the majority of WHOOP members have an average respiratory rate that falls somewhere between 13 and 18 breaths per minute.

Why Monitoring Respiratory Rate Is So Important

WHOOP has actually tracked respiratory rate during sleep for a long time. We use minute-by-minute alterations in respiratory rate in our sleep staging algorithm because respiratory rate predictably changes slightly during different sleep stages.

Initially, WHOOP didn’t display your average respiratory rate because it generally follows a similar trend as heart rate variability (HRV) and resting heart rate (RHR), so we weren’t sure how our members could use this information.

WHOOP TRACKS YOUR RESPIRATORY RATE WHILE YOU SLEEP, AND USES IT TO HELP CALCULATE YOUR DAILY RECOVERY.

However, in an effort to always improve the analysis and recommendations we provide, we discovered something interesting: While it is true that respiratory rate for adults is generally an indicator of cardiovascular fitness and load and therefore increases when RHR increases and decreases when RHR decreases, it is also a remarkably stable metric. From night to night, you should not expect to see much change in your respiratory rate statistic. But when it does change, that change tends to be meaningful.

What a High Respiratory Rate May Mean

While HRV and resting heart rate may meaninglessly change from day to day, respiration rate generally does not. In statistics, this is known as the “signal to noise ratio,” and it determines how much variance you need to confidently conclude that a change is significant as opposed to random. Median respiratory rate has an extremely high signal to noise ratio, which makes it very easy to interpret and trust. Because of this, respiratory rate is useful for spotting sleeps in which something is off (in particular, increases in respiratory rate).

In my own data, for example, over a 30-day span my respiratory rate ranged from 14-15 breaths per minute every night except one–when I was sleeping in a middle seat on a red-eye plane from Boston to Reykjavik. My respiratory rate was 17 that night, and I slept terribly.

Learn More:

How Does WHOOP Measure Respiratory Rate?

WHOOP calculates respiratory rate from your raw heart rate data by taking advantage of a phenomenon called Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia.

Here’s how it works: When you breathe in your heart rate increases, and when you breathe out it decreases. This allows your body to preferentially pass blood by the lungs while they are full of oxygen. Because the autonomic nervous systems increase heart rate during inhalation and decrease it during exhalation, we can see respiratory rate in your continuous heart rate data by looking for this cyclical pattern of increasing and decreasing.

WHOOP is the first wrist-worn wearable device to have the accuracy of its respiratory rate measurement during sleep validated by a third party. In a study published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, WHOOP respiratory rate was shown to be within a single breath per minute of gold-standard truth.

Respiratory Rate & Other Vitals In WHOOP HealTh Monitor

The WHOOP Health Monitor feature tracks your respiratory rate and several other key vital signs (including live heart rate, HRV, resting heart rate, blood oxygen level, and skin temperature) and displays them all in one place. Every morning, the Health Monitor lets you know if each of these stats is within your typical range, color coding them in green, orange, or red.

The WHOOP Health Monitor displays your respiratory rate and other valuable physiological metrics.

The products and services of WHOOP are not medical devices, are not intended to diagnose COVID-19, the flu or any other disease or medical conditions, and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. All content available through the products and services of WHOOP is for general informational purposes only.

Источник