performative verb
1 performative verb
2 performative verb
См. также в других словарях:
Performative verb — Performative verbs are verbs carried out simply by means of uttering them aloud. When a judge sentences someone to jail time, for example, the action is completed when he or she says, I hereby sentence you to five years in prison, or the like.… … Wikipedia
performative Linguistics & Philosophy — adjective denoting a statement by means of which the speaker performs a particular act (e.g. I apologize). noun a performative verb, sentence, or utterance … English new terms dictionary
Verb — This article is about the part of speech. For the physical activity program, see VERB (program). For English usage of verbs, see English verbs. Verbs redirects here. For the Christian gospel rapper, see Verbs (rapper). Examples I washed the car… … Wikipedia
Performative Spiele — Das Konzept performativer Spiele ist ein Sprachförderungsmodell für Schüler mit Migrationshintergrund. Die klassische Lehr und Lernpalette wird dabei durch Formen des performativen Spiels erweitert. Dadurch sollen nicht allein die sprachlichen,… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Auxiliary verb — In linguistics, an auxiliary verb is a verb that gives further semantic or syntactic information about a main or full verb. In English, the extra meaning provided by an auxiliary verb alters the basic meaning of the main verb to make it have one… … Wikipedia
Compound verb — In linguistics, a compound verb or complex predicate is a multi word compound that acts as a single verb. One component of the compound is a light verb or vector, which carries any inflections, indicating tense, mood, or aspect, but provides only … Wikipedia
Defective verb — In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb which is missing e.g. a past tense, or cannot be used in some other way that normal verbs come. Formally, it is a verb with an incomplete conjugation. Defective verbs cannot be conjugated in certain… … Wikipedia
Modal verb — A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation.[1]:p.33 The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is… … Wikipedia
Performative Verbs
A Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms
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In English grammar and speech-act theory, a performative verb is a verb that explicitly conveys the type of speech act being performed. A speech act is an expression of intent—therefore, a performative verb, also called a speech-act verb or performative utterance, is an action that conveys intent. A speech act can be in the form of a promise, invitation, apology, prediction, vow, request, warning, insistence, forbiddance, and more. Verbs accomplishing any of these are performative verbs.
The concept of performative verbs was introduced by Oxford philosopher J. L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words and further developed by American philosopher J.R. Searle and others like him. Austin estimated that «a good dictionary» contains upwards of 10,000 speech-act verbs (Austin 2009).
The Linguistics Encyclopedia defines performative verbs as follows: «Performative verbs name actions that are performed, wholly or partly, by saying something (state, promise); non-performative verbs name other types of actions, types of action which are independent of speech (walk, sleep),» (Malmkjaer 2002).
Examples and Observations
See the following examples of performative verbs in various contexts from literature and media. Performative verbs are italicized.
Apologies
Performative verbs used in apologies are unique because a person’s intent when apologizing is dependent on their level of authenticity. The book Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics attempts to define this: «By saying we apologize we perform an expressive act simultaneously with the naming of that expressive act. It is for this reason that «apologize» is called a performative verb, defined as a verb denoting linguistic action that can both describe a speech act and express it.
This explains why we can say that we are sorry, but not that we are sorry on someone else’s behalf because «be sorry» only expresses, but does not describe, the act of making an apology,» (Dirven et al. 2009).
Hedged Performatives
Hedged performatives can be used to express speech-acts with more diluted force. This type of performative features speech-act verbs used directly with supporting modifiers to achieve indirect illocutionary force. Sidney Greenbaum, author of The Oxford English Dictionary, comments on the form and function of hedged performatives below.
In hedged performatives, the verb is present but the speech act is performed indirectly: In saying I must apologize for my behavior, the speaker is expressing an obligation to make an apology, but implies that the acknowledgment of that obligation is the same as an apology. In contrast, I apologized is a report, and Must I apologize? is a request for advice,» (Greenbaum 1996).
List of 28 Most Common Performative Verbs with Examples
Though you probably haven’t read about them in textbooks of grammar handbooks, you may have heard about a class of verbs called “performative verbs.”
They don’t constitute a grammatical category of their own, but have found interest in fields of linguistic anthropology and philosophy. So what exactly are they? Well, they’re essentially verbs that perform certain actions rather than simply describing them (as verbs conventionally do).
For example, the verb “to do,” which normally expresses the action of doing, can become a performative verb in a wedding ceremony. When the bride and groom say, “I do,” they are performing the act of marriage rather than simply stating it.
The exploration of performative verbs is actually rather modern. The term was first popularized by philosopher J. L. Austin in a series of lectures he gave at Harvard University in 1955 (he called them “performative utterances”).
These lectures later became compiled and published in a book called How to Do Things with Words. The book discusses the nature of performative verbs, how they work, and how pervasive they are in language.
So why do performative verbs matter?
One reason, which was Austin’s reason for talking about them, is that they moved away from the common philosophical idea at the time that language was simply a tool for describing truths and falsities.
In other words, language either stated the truth or lied. It was this true-false dyad of language that philosophers were particularly interested in.
Austin, on the other hand, wanted to prove that language was much more than that. Instead of describing the world, he claimed that language actually did things in the world. When a marrying couple says, “I do,” they are not simply describing an event, but doing or performing it through the action of speaking.
While there is no truth-value to such performative statements, there are certain conditions that they must meet in order to be successful or effective (Austin lists them and calls them “felicity conditions”).
The following is a list of performative verbs in English, which allow the speaker to do something simply by stating it.
Notice that many of these verbs have something to do with expressing something you’re thinking or feeling inside.
In the following perfomative verb examples, the first will be in the first person singular to illustrate a performative verb in action, while the second will describe another person performing a performative verb.
DO (used in Austin’s example of a wedding ceremony)
A: Do you take this man as your lawfully wedded husband?
PRONOUNCE (another performative verb used in wedding ceremonies)
Officiator: I now pronounce you man and wife.
Performative verbs.
Present Simple vs. Present Progressive
Spelling
III form spelling rules
IV form spelling rules:
short vowel + final “l” = double “l” eg. travel – travelling
stressed vowel + final “r” = double “r” eg. refer – referring
Usage
We use the present simple for:`
I leave work at 5.30 most days.
Each July we go to Turkey for a holiday.
It takes me five minutes to get to school.
Trees grow more quickly in summer than in winter.
Ship sinks in midnight collision.
First you roll out the pastry.
On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon.
May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end.
At the end of the play both families realise that their hatred caused the deaths of the lovers.
So then the second man asks the first one why he has a banana in his ear and the first one says…
I gather you’re worried about the new job?
The Prince is coming to visit, and I hear he’s very rich.
Here comes our hero!
We write to advise you …
We use the present progressive for:
She is reading now.
Why are you jumping up and down?
We’re usually watching the news on TV at 9.00. (= we’re already watching at 9.00)
Usually I have breakfast, but this week I’m not eating anything in the morning.
She is always talking to me like that!
So I open the door, and I look out into the garden, and I see this man. He’s wearing pyjamas and a policeman’s helmet. ‘Hello,’ he says…
State Verbs
a. State verbs describe a continuing state, so do not usually have a continuous form.
Typical examples are:
astonish, believe, belong, concern, consist, contain, deserve, deny, (dis)agree, doubt, fit, imagine, impress, include, know, lack, like, love, matter, mean, need, owe, own, please, possess, prefer, promise, seem, suppose, surprise, suspect, understand, want, wish, etc.
b. Some verbs have a stative meaning and a different active meaning.
Typical examples are:
be, depend, feel, have, hear, measure, see, taste, think, weigh
Compare these uses:
Event
We’re having an interesting conversation!
David’s thinking about getting a new job.
I’m just tasting the soup.
I’m feeling terrible.
We’re weighing the baby.
Bill, I’m depending on you to win this contract for us.
State
Deirdre has a Porsche.
I think I like you!
This fish tastes awful!
I feel that you are wrong.
This bag weighs a ton!
It depends what you mean.
c. We can use the present continuous with some state verbs when we want to emphasise that a situation is temporary, for a period of time around the present. Compare:
The children love having Jean stay with us. (They love it when Jean stays) and
The children are loving having Jean stay with us. (Jean is staying with us now)
d. With some verbs used to describe a temporary state (e.g. ache, feel, hurt, look (= seem)), there is little difference in meaning when we use the present simple and present continuous:
What’s the matter with Bill? He looks / is looking awful.
e. We can also use the present simple and present continuous like this in commentaries (for example, on sports events):
King serves to the left hand court and Adams makes a wonderful return. She’s playing magnificent tennis in this match.
f. Making declarations: verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs.
I hope you’ll come to my party.
I bet you don’t know the answer!
I hereby declare this hospital open!
Performative verbs.
a. We use performative verbs in the first person actually to perform an action, i.e. saying I apologise performs the action of apologising:
On behalf of the company, I apologise for any inconvenience caused
When these verbs ‘perform’ the function they express, they do not usually take the continuous.
Railtrack apologises for the disruption to services over the last three months. – By saying this, the function of apologising is performed.
However, if we use the verb to describe the action rather than to do it, we can use the continuous.
The Railtrack chief executive was apologising profusely for the inconvenience.
Common performative verbs are: accept, agree, apologise, congratulate, declare, deny, disagree, forbid, forgive, guarantee, insist, invite, order, predict, promise, recommend, refuse, request, suggest, thank, warn.
b. We can use modals with performative verbs to make what we say more tentative or polite:
I would advise you to arrive two hours before the flight leaves.
I’m afraid I have to inform you that your application for funding has been turned down.
performative
1 performative
2 performative
3 performative
4 performative
5 performative
6 performative
7 performative
8 performative
9 performative
См. также в других словарях:
performative — [pər fôr′mə tiv] adj. of or having to do with performance; specif., designating or having to do with a statement that functions as an action and, hence, is neither true nor false [“I apologize” is a performative utterance] … English World dictionary
performative — 1955, coined by British philosopher of language J.L. Austin (1911 1960), from PERFORM (Cf. perform) + IVE (Cf. ive) … Etymology dictionary
Performative — Performativité La performativité consiste en le fait qu un mot ou une expression constituent par eux mêmes la chose qu ils énoncent. Sommaire 1 Historique et description 2 Influence 3 Voir aussi 3.1 Articles … Wikipédia en Français
performative — adjective Date: 1955 being or relating to an expression that serves to effect a transaction or that constitutes the performance of the specified act by virtue of its utterance compare… … New Collegiate Dictionary
performative — /peuhr fawr meuh tiv/, adj. Philos., Ling. 1. (of an expression or statement) performing an act by the very fact of being uttered, as with the expression I promise, that performs the act of promising. n. 2. a performative utterance. Cf.… … Universalium
performative — ● performatif, performative adjectif performatif nom masculin Se dit d un verbe dont l énonciation constitue simultanément l action qu il exprime. (Par exemple Je jure, je promets sont des énoncés performatifs.) … Encyclopédie Universelle
performative — per•for•ma•tive [[t]pərˈfɔr mə tɪv[/t]] adj. 1) ling. pho (of an expression or statement) performing an act by the very fact of being uttered, as “I promise,” which performs the act of promising 2) ling. pho a performative utterance … From formal English to slang
performative — adj. & n. adj. 1 of or relating to performance. 2 denoting an utterance that effects an action by being spoken or written (e.g. I bet, I apologize). n. a performative utterance … Useful english dictionary
performative — adj. performing speech act … English contemporary dictionary
performative — per·for·ma·tive … English syllables
